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"A
proper name a word that answers the purpose of showing what thing it is that we are talking about" writes
John Stuart Mill in
A System of Logic (1. ii. 5.), "but not of telling anything about it". The problem of defining proper names, and of explaining their meaning, is one of the most recalcitrant in modern philosophy.
The problem of proper names
Mill's definition is as good as any, though it is ultimately not helpful. A proper name tells us
which thing is in question, without giving us any other information about it. But how does it do this? What exactly is the nature of this information? There are two puzzles in particular:
The name in some way reveals the identity of the object. An identity statement, such as "Hesperus = Phosphorus" should contain no information at all. If we understand the names, we should understand the information they carry, namely the identity of their bearers, and if we grasp their identity, we should understand automatically whether the statement is true or false. Thus the statement should not be informative. Yet it is. The discovery that Hesperus = Phosphorus was (in its day) a great scientific achievement.
Empty names seem perfectly meaningful. Then whose identity do they reveal? If the only semantic function of a name is to tell us which individual a proposition is about, how can it tell us this when there is no such individual?
Theories of proper names
Many theories have been proposed about proper names, none of them entirely satisfactory.
Descriptive theory
The
descriptive theory of proper names is the view that the meaning of a given use of a proper name is a set of properties that can be expressed as a definite description that picks out an object that satisfies the description. It is commonly held that Frege held such a view — the description being embedded in what he called the
Sense and reference (
Sinn) of the name. Certainly, Russell seems to have espoused such a view in his early philosophical career (Sainsbury, R.M.,
Russell, London 1979).
So, according to the descriptivist theory of meaning, there's a description of the sense of proper names, and that description, like a definition,
picks out the bearer of the name. The distinction between the embedded description and the bearer itself is similar to that between the
extension and the
intension of a general term, or between connotation and denotation.
The extension of a general term like "dog" is just all the dogs that are out there; the extension is what the word can be used to refer to. The intension of a general term is basically a description of what all dogs have in common; it's what the definition expresses.
The difficulty with the descriptive theory is what the description corresponds to. It must be some essential characteristic of the bearer, otherwise we could use the name to deny the bearer had such a characteristic. The objection is associated with Kripke, although philosophers such as
Bradley, John Locke and
Aristotle had already noticed the problem.
Referential theory
Causal theory of names
The causal theory of names combines the referential view with the idea that the name's referent is fixed by a baptismal act, whereupon the name becomes a
rigid designation of the referent. Subsequent uses of the name succeed in referring to the referent by being linked by a causal chain to that original baptismal act. (The theory is an attempt to explain exactly why a proper name has the referent that it actually does).
See also
"A
proper name a word that answers the purpose of showing what thing it is that we are talking about" writes
John Stuart Mill in
A System of Logic (1. ii. 5.), "but not of telling anything about it". The problem of defining proper names, and of explaining their meaning, is one of the most recalcitrant in modern philosophy.
The problem of proper names
Mill's definition is as good as any, though it is ultimately not helpful. A proper name tells us
which thing is in question, without giving us any other information about it. But how does it do this? What exactly is the nature of this information? There are two puzzles in particular:
The name in some way reveals the identity of the object. An identity statement, such as "Hesperus = Phosphorus" should contain no information at all. If we understand the names, we should understand the information they carry, namely the identity of their bearers, and if we grasp their identity, we should understand automatically whether the statement is true or false. Thus the statement should not be informative. Yet it is. The discovery that Hesperus = Phosphorus was (in its day) a great scientific achievement.
Empty names seem perfectly meaningful. Then whose identity do they reveal? If the only semantic function of a name is to tell us which individual a proposition is about, how can it tell us this when there is no such individual?
Theories of proper names
Many theories have been proposed about proper names, none of them entirely satisfactory.
Descriptive theory
The
descriptive theory of proper names is the view that the meaning of a given use of a proper name is a set of properties that can be expressed as a definite description that picks out an object that satisfies the description. It is commonly held that Frege held such a view — the description being embedded in what he called the
Sense and reference (
Sinn) of the name. Certainly, Russell seems to have espoused such a view in his early philosophical career (Sainsbury, R.M.,
Russell, London 1979).
So, according to the descriptivist theory of meaning, there's a description of the sense of proper names, and that description, like a definition,
picks out the bearer of the name. The distinction between the embedded description and the bearer itself is similar to that between the
extension and the
intension of a general term, or between
connotation and denotation.
The extension of a general term like "dog" is just all the dogs that are out there; the extension is what the word can be used to refer to. The intension of a general term is basically a description of what all dogs have in common; it's what the definition expresses.
The difficulty with the descriptive theory is what the description corresponds to. It must be some essential characteristic of the bearer, otherwise we could use the name to deny the bearer had such a characteristic. The objection is associated with Kripke, although philosophers such as
Bradley,
John Locke and Aristotle had already noticed the problem.
Referential theory
Causal theory of names
The causal theory of names combines the referential view with the idea that the name's referent is fixed by a baptismal act, whereupon the name becomes a
rigid designation of the referent. Subsequent uses of the name succeed in referring to the referent by being linked by a
causal chain to that original baptismal act. (The theory is an attempt to explain exactly why a proper name has the referent that it actually does).
See also
Proper name - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A proper name [is] a word that answers the purpose of showing what thing it is that we are talking about" writes John Stuart Mill in A System of Logic (1. ii. 5.), "but not of ...
Web Proper Names: Naming Referents on the Web
Web Proper Names: Naming Referents on the Web ... Harry Halpin ICCS, School of Informatics University of Edinburgh h.halpin(at)ed.ac.uk
Amazon.co.uk: The Book of Proper Names: Amelie Nothomb: Books
Amazon.co.uk: The Book of Proper Names: Amelie Nothomb: Books ... Product Description Plectrude is an orphan with a gift for dance. She is looked after by her aunt who falls ...
Noun - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Proper nouns (also called proper names) are nouns representing unique entities (such as London, Universe or John), as distinguished from common nouns which describe a class of ...
CLHS: Glossary-Section P
proper name n. (of a class) a symbol that names the class whose name is that symbol. See the functions class-name and find-class. proper sequence n. a sequence which is not an improper list ...
Rumour control: Nehalem given its proper name | News | Custom PC
Intel's Nehalem architecture is rumourd to be called Core i7 ... Rumour control: Nehalem given its proper name. Posted at: 2:39pm 8th August 2008 by Ben Hardwidge
Proper Names Extraction from Fax Images Combining Textual and Image ...
Proper Names Extraction from Fax Images Combining Textual and Image Features Laurence Likforman-Sulem 1, Pascal Vaillant 2, François Yvon 1 (1) ENST-LTCI, (2) Université des ...
Automatic Processing of Proper Names in Texts
Automatic Processing of Proper Names in Texts Francis Wolinski I 2 Frantz Vichot I Bruno Dillet 1 1 Informatique CDC 2 LAFORIA Caisse des D@6ts et Consignations Universit~ de Paris ...
Intel staff start book on proper name of the Katmai • The Register
Now what is Intel going to call the Katmai when it's released February end? Sources tell The Register that the former contender, Pentium III, is now out of the picture.
Alciato at Glasgow: Browse Proper Names
Browse the Proper Names
